Method for auto-ignition operation and computer readable storage device for use with an internal combustion engine

ABSTRACT

An internal combustion engine that can be operated in compression ignition mode, comprising a fuel injector ( 2 ) for each cylinder; a fuel injection control unit ( 4 ) for controlling fuel injection quantity and a piston ( 5 ) in each cylinder whose compression action causes a mixture of air and fuel to be ignited. The engine is further provided with inlet and outlet valves ( 6, 7 ) and sensors ( 12–16 ) for measuring various engine operating parameters, is disclosed. During compression ignition mode, the control unit controls the fuel injector to perform a first fuel injection before, and a second fuel injection after top dead center of the piston stroke during or after a negative valve overlap period. A method for operating the engine and a computer readable storage device ( 4 ) having stored therein data representing instructions executable by a computer to implement a compression ignition for an internal combustion engine is also described.

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/131,756, filed May 17, 2005, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/747,023, filed Dec. 23, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,910,449, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 02029060.7, filed Dec. 30, 2002, titled “Internal Combustion Engine, Method for Auto-Ignition Operation and Computer Readable Storage Device,” naming Hans Strom and Lucien Koopmans as inventors, and claims priority to European Patent Application No. 02029091.2, filed Dec. 30, 2002 titled, “Internal Combustion Engine, Method for Auto-Ignition Operation and Computer Readable Storage Device,” naming Hans Strom and Lucien Koopmans as inventors, the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND AND TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to an internal combustion engine that can be operated in a homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion mode, as well as a method for controlling such an engine.

SUMMARY

To improve thermal efficiency of gasoline internal combustion engines, lean burn is known to give enhanced thermal efficiency by reducing pumping losses and increasing ratio of specific heats. Generally speaking, lean burn is known to give low fuel consumption and low NOx emissions. There is, however, a limit at which an engine can be operated with a lean air/fuel mixture because of misfire and combustion instability as a result of a slow burn. Known methods to extend the lean limit include improving ignitability of the mixture by enhancing the fuel preparation, for example using atomised fuel or vaporised fuel, and increasing the flame speed by introducing charge motion and turbulence in the air/fuel mixture. Finally, combustion by auto-ignition, or homogeneous charge compression ignition, has been proposed for operating an engine with very lean or diluted air/fuel mixtures.

When certain conditions are met within a homogeneous charge of lean air/fuel mixture during low load operation, homogeneous charge compression ignition can occur wherein bulk combustion takes place initiated simultaneously from many ignition sites within the charge, resulting in very stable power output, very clean combustion and high fuel conversion efficiency. NOx emission produced in controlled homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion is extremely low in comparison with spark ignition combustion based on propagating flame front and heterogeneous charge compression ignition combustion based on an attached diffusion flame. In the latter two cases represented by spark ignition engine and diesel engine, respectively, the burnt gas temperature is highly heterogeneous within the charge with very high local temperature values creating high NOx emission. By contrast, in controlled homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion where the combustion is uniformly distributed throughout the charge from many ignition sites, the burnt gas temperature is substantially homogeneous with much lower local temperature values resulting in very low NOx emission.

Engines operating under controlled homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion have already been successfully demonstrated in two-stroke gasoline engines using a conventional compression ratio. It is believed that the high proportion of burnt gases remaining from the previous cycle, i.e., the residual content, within the two-stroke engine combustion chamber is responsible for providing the hot charge temperature and active fuel radicals necessary to promote homogeneous charge compression ignition in a very lean air/fuel mixture. In four-stroke engines, because the residual content is low, homogeneous charge compression ignition is more difficult to achieve, but can be induced by heating the intake air to a high temperature or by significantly increasing the compression ratio. This effect can also be achieved by retaining a part of the hot exhaust gas, or residuals, by controlling the timing of the intake and exhaust valves.

In all the above cases, the range of engine speeds and loads in which controlled homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion can be achieved is relatively narrow. The fuel used also has a significant effect on the operating range; for example, diesel and methanol fuels have wider auto-ignition ranges than gasoline fuel. A further problem is to achieve ignition at a particular time with maintained combustion stability, while avoiding engine knocking and misfiring.

When the engine is operating in HCCI mode, a low fuel consumption has to be sustained and or optimized. For low fuel consumption, the air/fuel ratio has to be greater than stoichiometric, i.e., substantially 1 part fuel and 14 parts air. There is a trend for lower fuel consumption in the direction of higher values of lambda if good combustion stability can be sustained. A three way catalyst only converts unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide when the engine is operating lean (λ>1), hence NO_(x) emissions will be emitted to the atmosphere without after-treatment.

High lambda values for optimized fuel consumption and NO_(x) emissions can not be achieved with atmospheric pressure in the inlet manifold in combination with the inlet and exhaust valve settings used for HCCI combustion.

Hence an may be desirable, in some cases, to provide a means for controlling the ignition timing during auto-ignition, which means allows for monitoring of current combustions and for correction of subsequent combustions dependent on the outcome of the monitoring process.

The above problems can be solved, in some cases, by an arrangement, a method and a computer readable storage device for controlling homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion, as described in more detail below.

One example embodiment relates to an internal combustion engine preferably, but not necessarily, provided with variable valve timing (VVT), cam profile switching (CPS), direct fuel injection (DI), and means for boosting the manifold absolute pressure (turbocharger, compressor etc.). The following text will be mainly concentrated on embodiments including the above features. However, the general principle of the invention as claimed is also applicable to, for instance, stationary aspirating engines with fixed valve timing and a standard camshaft. Such engines are often operated at fixed speeds and loads and are not subject to the transients normally occurring in, for instance, engines for vehicles. Hence a stationary engine can be operated continuously in HCCI-mode.

Also, although the following examples relate to gasoline fuels, an engine operating according to principles of the invention can be adapted to use most commonly available fuels, such as diesel, kerosene, natural gas, and others.

The engine is possible to be operated on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode. This is a combustion mode, different than conventional spark ignited (SI) combustion mode, in order to reduce fuel consumption in combination with ultra low NOx emissions. In this mode, a mixture containing fuel, air and combustion residuals is compressed with a compression ratio between 10.5 and 12 to auto ignition. The HCCI combustion has no moving flame front, in contradiction to a SI combustion that has a moving flame front. The lack of a flame front reduces temperature and increases the heat release rate hence increases the thermal efficiency of the combustion. The combustion residuals are captured when operating the engine with a negative valve overlap. Residuals increase the temperature of the mixture so that the auto ignition temperature is reached before piston top dead center (TDC) and dilute the mixture so that the heat release rate decreases to an acceptable level. By controlling the heat release, cycle-to-cycle variations (COV), noise and knocking combustion can be reduced. The negative valve overlap is achieved when the exhaust valve is closed before piston TDC and the inlet valve is opened after piston TDC in the gas exchange phase of the combustion.

The acquired valve timing for the negative overlap can be achieved by using VVT and CPS, hence switching from conventional SI valve timing to HCCI valve timing with a shorter the valve opening duration and/or valve lift

In HCCI combustion mode one target is to keep NO_(x) emissions below the legislative limit by using a control loop that controls the HCCI combustion. NO_(x) emissions, fuel consumption and combustion stability are affected by the air fuel ratio of the mixture in the combustion chamber. A low air fuel ratio gives high fuel consumption and high NO_(x) emissions, while a high air fuel ratio gives low fuel consumption and low HC emissions.

One embodiment of the invention uses a gasoline internal combustion engine provided with at least one cylinder and arranged to be switched between spark ignition mode and compression ignition mode. The engine comprises a fuel injector, through which gasoline fuel is injected into a combustion chamber, for each cylinder and a fuel injection control unit that controls gasoline fuel injection quantity per combustion cycle injected through each fuel injector. Fuel injection is achieved by means of direct injection (DI) into each combustion chamber. For the current invention, port injection is also possible.

A spark may be sustained in HCCI mode in order to keep the spark plug from fouling and, although the gas mixture is arranged to self ignite, contribute to an increased combustion stability and avoidance of misfire.

A reciprocating piston is arranged in each engine cylinder whose compression action causes a mixture of air and gasoline fuel within the combustion chamber to be ignited. Gas exchange is controlled by at least one inlet valve preferably, but not necessarily, provided with variable valve timing per cylinder for admitting a combustible gas, such as air, and at least one exhaust valve preferably, but not necessarily, provided with variable valve timing per cylinder for exhausting combusted gases.

The combustion process is monitored by sensors for measuring air intake manifold pressure and the air/fuel ratio, or λ-value, for the combusted exhaust gas, as well as standard sensors for engine load and engine speed. Other sensors may include temperature sensors for engine coolant and oil as well as NO_(x)-sensors and ion current sensors. The combustion process is monitored by sensors for measuring engine knocking and combustion stability. The knock sensor can be of the piezo-electric type, which may also be used for continuous monitoring of cylinder pressure. The combustion stability sensor may be an acceleration type sensor, such as a flywheel sensor, or an ion current sensor. Alternatively, both said sensors can be replaced by a single in-cylinder piezoelectric pressure sensor. By processing the output from such a sensor, it is possible to obtain a signal representing engine knock and a signal representing engine stability.

According to a further embodiment the engine is switched into a compression ignition mode. The control unit is arranged to select a λ-value from a map of λ-values stored in the control unit, which value is a function of engine load and engine speed. The actual λ-value is compared to the selected λ-value; whereby the control unit is arranged to adjust the intake manifold pressure as a function of the difference between the said λ-values in order to obtain the selected λ-value.

High λ-values combined with low fuel consumption and low NO_(x) emissions can not be achieved with atmospheric pressure in the intake manifold during HCCI operation at high loads and/or speeds. In a preferred embodiment the engine is provided with an intake air charging unit, arranged to adjust the intake manifold pressure.

The intake air charging unit may be a turbocharger provided with a wastegate for controlling the intake manifold pressure. Such a wastegate may be. Alternatively the intake air charging unit is a supercharger provided with a throttle for controlling the intake manifold pressure.

According to a further embodiment, the intake air charging unit is arranged to increase the intake manifold pressure if the actual λ-value is less than the selected λ-value. Similarly, the intake air charging unit is arranged to decrease the intake manifold pressure if the measured actual λ-value is greater than or equal to the selected λ-value.

According to a further embodiment, the intake manifold is provided with a sensor for measuring intake air temperature. As the λ-value may vary with intake air temperature, the control unit is arranged to adjust the selected λ-value if necessary. The adjustment is based on the measured intake air temperature compared to a reference temperature for the stored map.

According to a further embodiment, the invention relates to a computer readable storage device having stored therein data representing instructions executable by a computer to implement a compression ignition for An internal combustion engine, the engine having a piston disposed in a cylinder to define a combustion chamber, intake valves for admitting fresh air into the cylinder, a fuel injector for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber, exhaust valves for discharging exhaust gas resulting from combustion within the cylinder, wherein opening and closing timings of the intake means and opening and closing timings of the exhaust means are adjustable, and sensors for measuring engine load, engine speed and an actual λ-value for the exhaust gas.

The computer readable storage device comprises:

instructions for adjusting opening and closing timings of the intake means and opening and closing timings of the exhaust means such that the piston reciprocates within the cylinder to perform an exhaust phase, an exhaust gas retaining phase, an intake phase, a compression phase, and an expansion phase;

instructions for providing a first start time of a first fuel injection by the fuel injector during said exhaust gas retaining phase and a second start time of a second fuel injection by the fuel injector during said exhaust gas retaining phase;

instructions for selecting a λ-value from a map stored in the control unit, which value is a function of engine load and engine speed;

instructions for determining a difference between the actual λ-value with the selected λ-value; and

instructions for adjusting the intake manifold pressure as a function of the difference between the said λ-values in order to obtain the selected λ-value.

The computer readable storage device further comprises instructions for determining intake manifold pressure control signals indicative of the adjustment required by an intake air charging unit, as determined by the control unit on the basis of comparison between the measured actual λ-value with the selected λ-value.

The storage device further comprises instructions for determining intake manifold temperature by means of a temperature sensor and for adjusting the λ-values in said stored map with respect to the measured temperature.

According to one embodiment, the engine is arranged to switch between SI-mode to HCCI-mode when certain operating parameters are fulfilled. During compression ignition mode, the exhaust valve is arranged to close before top dead center during an exhaust stroke of the piston and the intake valve is opened after top dead center during an induction stroke of the piston. This creates a period of negative valve overlap, during which exhaust and intake valves are closed. The fuel injection control unit is arranged to control the fuel injection quantity so as to perform a first fuel injection before top dead center of the piston exhaust stroke and to perform at least a further fuel injection after top dead center of the piston stroke during or after the interval of the gas exchange phase when both of the exhaust and intake valves are closed.

In the following text the first injection will generally be referred to as a pilot injection, while any subsequent injection or injections will be referred to as a main injection. The pilot or first fuel injection occurs in the interval between closure of the exhaust valve and top dead center of the piston exhaust stroke. At least one further fuel injection occurs in the interval after top dead center of the piston exhaust stroke and before top dead center of a subsequent piston compression stroke. Injection near the top dead center is generally avoided to avoid formation of soot in the combustion chamber. Said further, or main injection may be a single second injection or comprise two or more injections. The total amount of the main injection can exceed the amount injected in the pilot injection (although in some cases it always does so).

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the amount of fuel injected during first injection and one or more second, main injections is determined by the fuel injection control unit on the basis of comparison between predetermined limit values for a knock signal transmitted from said engine knocking sensor and a stability signal transmitted from said combustion stability sensor respectively.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the total amount of fuel injected during the first and second injections is substantially constant under constant engine operating conditions.

According to a further embodiment of the invention the distribution of injected fuel between the first and the second injection is adjusted in increments based on the comparison made by the injection control unit. The adjustments are determined by the following conditions;

-   -   if the knock signal and the stability signal are below their         predetermined limit values, the fuel injection control unit is         arranged to reduce the amount injected during the first         injection;     -   if the knock signal and the stability signal are above their         predetermined limit values, the fuel injection control unit is         arranged to increase the amount injected during the first         injection;     -   if the knock signal is above its predetermined limit value and         the stability signal is below its predetermined limit value, the         fuel injection control unit is arranged to reduce the amount         injected during the first injection; or     -   if the knock signal is below a predetermined limit value and the         stability signal is above a predetermined limit value, the fuel         injection control unit is arranged to increase the amount         injected during the first injection.

In the latter case, where it is detected that the knock signal is below a predetermined limit value and the stability signal is above a predetermined limit value, two further conditions are applied;

-   -   if it is detected that a combustion peak pressure occurs earlier         than a predetermined point in time, the fuel injection control         unit is arranged to increase the amount of fuel injected during         the first injection for the subsequent combustion cycle; or     -   if it is detected that a combustion peak pressure occurs later         than a predetermined point in time, the fuel injection control         unit is arranged to increase the amount of fuel injected during         the first injection for the cycle following the subsequent         combustion cycle.

Although the relative amount of fuel injected is adjustable, the first injection is arranged as a pilot injection, while the second injection is a main injection. Hence, the quantity of the first injection is preferably selected to be greater than zero but less than 45% of the total amount of injected fuel, comprising the pilot and the main injection. The fuel of the pilot injection will react in the residual exhaust gas, forming radicals, intermediates or combustion products. This reaction can be exothermic hence heating the residuals, resulting in earlier timing of the auto ignition temperature. As will be described later, this reaction takes place in the presence of excess oxygen, which may be present in the combustion chamber following the previous combustion cycle. The retained residual exhaust gas will have the same λ-value as the air/fuel mixture of the previous combustion cycle.

According to a further embodiment, the invention also relates to a method for operating a internal combustion engine provided with at least one cylinder and arranged to be switched between spark ignition mode and compression ignition mode, or to be operated continuously in compression ignition mode. As described above, the engine comprises a fuel injector, through which gasoline fuel is injected into a combustion chamber, for each cylinder, a fuel injection control unit that controls gasoline fuel injection quantity per combustion cycle injected through each fuel injector, and a piston in the engine cylinder whose compression action causes a mixture of air and gasoline fuel within the combustion chamber to be ignited during compression ignition mode. The gas exchange is controlled by at least one inlet valve preferably, but not necessarily, provided with variable valve timing per cylinder for admitting combustible gas and at least one exhaust valve with variable valve timing per cylinder for exhausting combusted gases. The combustion process may be monitored by a sensor for measuring engine knocking and generating a knock signal and a sensor for measuring combustion stability and generating a stability signal.

The method for controlling the engine involves adjusting opening and closing timings of the inlet valve and the exhaust valve so that the piston moving within the cylinder performs an intake phase, a compression phase, an expansion phase, an exhaust phase and an exhaust retaining phase, while performing a split fuel injection during and after the exhaust retaining phase.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the method includes the following steps during the exhaust retaining phase:

-   -   closing the exhaust valve before top dead center during an         exhaust stroke of the piston and opening the intake valve after         top dead center during an induction stroke of the piston; and     -   controlling the fuel injection control unit so as to perform a         first fuel injection before top dead center of the piston stroke         and to perform a second gasoline fuel injection in the interval         after top dead center of the piston exhaust stroke and before         top dead center of a subsequent piston compression stroke.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the method also involves comparing each of the knock signal and the stability signal with a respective predetermined limit value. Depending on the outcome of said comparison, the quantities of the first and second fuel injections are adjusted by;

-   -   reducing the amount injected during the first injection if both         signals are below their predetermined limit values;     -   increasing the amount injected during the first injection if         both signals are above their predetermined limit values;     -   reducing the amount injected during the first injection if the         knock signal is above its predetermined limit value and the         stability signal is below its predetermined limit value; or     -   increasing the amount injected during the first injection if the         knock signal is below a predetermined limit value and the         stability signal is above a predetermined limit value.

For the latter case, where the knock signal is below a predetermined limit value and the stability signal is above a predetermined limit value, a further condition is applied. A combustion peak pressure timing is detected to allow a comparison of the actual timing of the peak pressure with a predicted timing of peak pressure. The peak pressure timing may be detected by a suitable existing sensor or by a separate pressure sensor. The quantities of the first and second fuel injections are adjusted by;

-   -   increasing the amount of fuel injected during the first         injection for the subsequent combustion cycle if the actual         timing occurs earlier than said predicted timing; or     -   increasing the amount of fuel injected during the first         injection for the cycle following the subsequent combustion         cycle if the actual timing occurs later than said predicted         timing.

According to a further embodiment, the invention also relates to a computer readable storage device having stored therein data representing instructions executable by a computer to implement a compression ignition for a gasoline internal combustion engine, the engine having a piston disposed in a cylinder to define a combustion chamber, intake valves for admitting fresh air into the cylinder, a fuel injector for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber, and exhaust valves for discharging exhaust gas resulting from combustion within the cylinder, wherein opening and closing timings of the intake means and opening and closing timings of the exhaust valves are adjustable. The computer readable storage device comprises:

-   -   instructions for adjusting opening and closing timings of the         intake means and opening and closing timings of the exhaust         means such that the piston reciprocates within the cylinder to         perform an exhaust phase, an exhaust gas retaining phase, an         intake phase, a compression phase, and an expansion phase;     -   instructions for providing a first start time of a first fuel         injection by the fuel injector during said exhaust gas retaining         phase and a further start time of a second fuel injection by the         fuel injector in the interval after top dead center of the         piston exhaust stroke and before top dead center of a subsequent         piston compression stroke;     -   instructions for determining a portion of total fuel quantity         and the remainder of said total fuel quantity;     -   instructions for determining a first fuel injection control         signal indicative of said portion of said total fuel quantity         and applying said first fuel injection control signal to the         fuel injector at said first start time to control fuel quantity         injected for said first fuel injection; and     -   instructions for determining a further fuel injection control         signal indicative of the remainder of said total fuel quantity         and applying said further fuel injection control signal to the         fuel injector at said further start time to control fuel         quantity injected for said second fuel injection.

According to a further embodiment the invention, the computer readable storage device also comprises instructions for determining the fuel injection control signals indicative of the amount of fuel injected during the first and second injection, as determined by the fuel injection control unit on the basis of comparison between predetermined limit values for a knock signal transmitted from an engine knocking sensor and stability signals transmitted from a combustion stability sensor respectively. The control unit estimates the cycle-to cycle variations (COV) by storing and evaluating a number of subsequent stability signals.

The computer readable storage device comprises:

-   -   instructions for adjusting opening and closing timings of the         intake valves and opening and closing timings of the exhaust         valves such that the piston reciprocates within the cylinder to         perform an exhaust phase, an exhaust gas retaining phase, an         intake phase, a compression phase, and an expansion phase;     -   instructions for providing a first start time of a first fuel         injection by the fuel injector during said exhaust gas retaining         phase and a further start time of at least one further fuel         injection by the fuel injector in the interval after top dead         center of the piston stroke and before top dead center of a         subsequent piston compression stroke;     -   instructions for determining a portion of total fuel quantity         and the remainder of said total fuel quantity;     -   instructions for determining a first fuel injection control         signal indicative of said portion of said total fuel quantity         and applying said first fuel injection control signal to the         fuel injector at said first start time to control fuel quantity         injected for said first fuel injection; and     -   instructions for determining a further fuel injection control         signal indicative of the remainder of said total fuel quantity         and applying said further fuel injection control signal to the         fuel injector at said further start time to control fuel         quantity injected for said further fuel injection.

In a further embodiment, the computer readable storage device comprises:

-   -   instructions for determining the fuel injection control signals         indicative of the amount of fuel injected during the first         injection and a second injection, as determined by the fuel         injection control unit on the basis of comparison between         predetermined limit values for a knock signal transmitted from         an engine knocking sensor and a stability signal transmitted         from a combustion stability sensor respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

In the following text, the invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. These drawings are used for illustration only and do not in any way limit the scope of the invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic internal combustion engine according to the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating the variation of cylinder pressure over crank angle for HCCI- and SI-mode;

FIG. 3 shows a diagram illustrating the cylinder pressure over time for a number of sequential combustion cycles in HCCI-mode;

FIG. 4 shows a diagram for a control loop for combustion, stability and knock control in HCCI-mode.

FIG. 5 shows a diagram illustrating the variation of lambda in relation to engine load and engine speed in HCCI-mode;

FIG. 6 shows a diagram for a lambda control loop for combustion control in HCCI-mode.

FIG. 7A-B shows diagrams of an engine provided with different types of intake air charging devices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of an internal combustion engine according to the invention. The engine is provided with at least one cylinder 1 and comprises a fuel injector 2, through which fuel is injected into a combustion chamber 3, for each cylinder. A fuel injection control unit 4 controls fuel injection quantity per combustion cycle injected through each fuel injector. A piston 5 in the engine cylinder has a compression action that causes a mixture of air and fuel within the combustion chamber to be ignited during HCCI-mode. The cylinder is provided with at least one inlet valve 6 for admitting gas which includes fresh air into said cylinder and at least one exhaust valve 7 for exhausting combusted gases from said cylinder. Air is supplied through an intake conduit 9 connected to an intake manifold, while exhaust gas is exhausted through an exhaust conduit 10. During SI-mode, the ignition of the fuel/air mixture is ignited by a spark plug 8.

The control unit receives signals from at least one sensor for measuring engine operation parameters, which sensors include a combustion chamber pressure sensor 11, an intake manifold pressure sensor 12 and a λ-probe 13 in the exhaust conduit, as well as temperature sensors for intake air 14, engine coolant 15 and engine oil 16. The control unit controls the intake and exhaust valves 6, 7 by means of valve actuators 17, 18. The actuators may be either electrically or mechanically operated.

FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating the variation of cylinder pressure over crank angle for HCCI- and SI-mode. As can be seen from the curves in the diagram, the engine can be operated in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode and in conventional spark ignited (SI) combustion mode. The HCCI combustion has no moving flame front, as opposed to a SI combustion that has a moving flame front. The lack of a flame front reduces temperature and increases the heat release rate hence increases the thermal efficiency of the combustion. This will result in a considerably higher peak pressure after ignition (IG); typically in excess of 40 bar, as opposed to about 20 bar in SI mode. The main difference between the HCCI- and SI modes is that a part of the combustion residuals are captured by operating the engine with a negative valve overlap. The negative valve overlap is achieved by closing the exhaust valve, or EV, before piston TDC (EVC) and opening the inlet valve, or IV, after piston TDC (IVO) in the gas exchange (GE) phase of the combustion, as illustrated in FIG. 2. During the air intake phase, residuals increase the temperature of the mixture so that the auto ignition temperature is reached before piston top dead center (TDC) and dilutes the mixture so that the heat release rate decreases to an acceptable level. By controlling the heat release, noise and knocking combustion can be reduced.

A split fuel injection is used having a pilot direct fuel injection (PI) before TDC during the negative valve overlap and a main direct fuel injection (MI) after TDC of the negative valve overlap. The relative quantities of fuel injected during the pilot and the main injections can be varied and are calculated and controlled by a fuel injection control unit (not shown). The fuel of the pilot injection (PI) will react in the retained residuals, forming radicals, intermediates or combustion products. This reaction can be exothermic hence heating the residuals, resulting in earlier timing of the auto ignition temperature. A prerequisite for this reaction is the presence of excess oxygen, without which the reaction will stop before it is completed. When the engine is operated in HCCI-mode the control unit must adjust the value of λ to be sufficiently high for all engine operating conditions to ensure this. The total quantity of injected fuel for the pilot and the main injection is substantially constant with respect to the current engine operating conditions, such as engine speed, engine load and efficiency. The quantity of the first injection is preferably selected to be in the range of 0<PI<45% of the total amount of injected fuel.

The above example describes a split fuel injection occurring before and after top dead center of the piston stroke during the interval when both of the exhaust and intake valves are closed. However, the invention is not limited to this particular embodiment of split injection timing.

Due to the demand for dilution, which controls the rate of heat release, only the part load regime of the engine is used for HCCI combustion mode. The auto ignition timing for HCCI operation can be controlled by the pilot fuel injection and/or the captured amount of residuals and/or the absolute manifold pressure. The latter may be controlled by increasing the pressure of the intake air by means of a compressor or turbocharger.

According to a preferred embodiment, the amount of trapped residuals during negative overlap should be in the range 20–60%, irrespective of how this is achieved.

When operating the engine, engine knocking, low combustion stability and a high noise level has to be avoided. Knocking, which is also a source of noise, is detected by measuring the peak pressure and/or pressure variations caused by a too rapid heat release during the expansion phase. Knocking occurs when the peak pressure exceeds an expected maximum pressure, or when a series of rapid pressure variations occur during the expansion phase. Low combustion stability is indicated by high cycle to cycle variations of the pressure during combustion. Typically, an engine operated in HCCI mode may oscillate between a late phased combustion (low cylinder pressure) and a subsequent early phased combustion (high cylinder pressure). When the engine is operating in the HCCI-mode, at least four combinations of sequential combustion cycles are possible. This is illustrated in FIGS. 3A–D.

A more detailed explanation of the cycle-to-cycle variation (COV) and how this may oscillate under different engine operating conditions can be found in the SAE-paper SAE 2002-01-0110, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated into the description by reference. The SAE-paper discusses the cycle-to-cycle variations (COV) during HCCI-operation. The oscillating nature of COV and the effect of exhaust valve closure timing on combustion stability is described.

In all cases shown in FIGS. 2A–D a control unit (not shown) evaluates the signals from sensors that indicate knock and combustion stability. In the figures, a knock signal is deemed to be high if the peak pressure during combustion exceeds an expected pressure level, indicated by a horizontal line in all FIGS. 3A–D. When a COV signal is deemed to be high, this is indicated by a reduced peak pressure during combustion. Due to the cyclic nature of the COV signal, the reduction in peak pressure generally occurs every second combustion cycle. All figures indicate the timing of the piston top dead center (TDC) and the exhaust valve closure (EVC).

FIG. 3A shows the cylinder pressure for a case where the knock signal is low and the oscillating COV signal is low. In this case the noise level can be unacceptable. According to this embodiment, the combustion phasing is retarded by decreasing the amount of fuel injected in the pilot injection, in combination with an increase of the amount for the main fuel injection in order to keep load and lambda constant. Noise level will be reduced with a later phased, or retarded, combustion.

FIG. 3B shows the cylinder pressure for a case where the knock signal is high and the COV signal is high. This indicates high knocking cycles with early phased combustion cycles, alternating with late phased combustion cycles. When both the knock signal and the COV signal is high the amount of fuel injected in the pilot injection is increased, while the amount for the main fuel injection is decreased in order to keep load and lambda constant. The combustion is then phased earlier, or advanced, in the next cycle and engine knock is decreased. For a conventional control strategy, detection of knocking would cause the combustion phasing to be retarded. In this mode of operation such a strategy would cause misfire.

FIG. 3C shows the cylinder pressure for a case where the knock signal is high and the COV signal is low. In this case the amount of fuel injected in the pilot injection is decreased, while the amount for the main fuel injection is increased in order to keep load and lambda constant. The combustion is then phased later in the next cycle and engine knock is decreased. In this context, the term “next cycle” refers to the cycle following immediately after the current cycle.

FIGS. 3B and 3D show the cylinder pressure for a case where the knock signal is low and the COV signal is high. This indicates low knocking cycles with early phased combustion cycles, alternating with late phased combustion cycles. For a conventional control strategy, this would result in an immediate advance of the combustion phasing to avoid problems with stability. However, if this adjustment occurs immediately after a late phased cycle, the result would most likely be engine knocking in the next cycle.

According to the invention, the control unit evaluates the signals from sensors that indicate knock, combustion stability and combustion phasing. The latter is preferably achieved by detecting the location of peak pressure (LPP). When the knock signal is low, the COV signal is high and LPP is early, the amount of fuel injected in the pilot injection is increased, while the amount for the main fuel injection is decreased in order to keep load and lambda constant. This will phase the combustion of the next cycle earlier than it would have been without injection adjustment and combustion stability is increased.

However, if LPP is sensed late, the amount of fuel injected in the pilot injection is increased, while the amount for the main fuel injection is decreased for the cycle after the next cycle. This delay avoids an even earlier and perhaps knocking combustion for the next cycle. If, for some reason, the time taken by the control unit to perform the necessary calculations exceeds the start of the next, immediately following EVC event, then the adjustment of the injections is skipped for two cycles. This is indicated in FIGS. 3B and 3D, where a first event EVC₁ is assumed to be missed. The control unit will then skip the cycles including EVC₁ and the following event EVC₂, to execute the adjusted injection after the start of a third event EVC₃.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram for a control strategy for managing the combustion control, engine knocking and combustion stability, using variations of the pilot fuel injection which is possible to alter from cycle to cycle. The control strategy involves reading values for pilot and main injection from a map stored in the control unit. Based on these values the control unit performs an evaluation of the output signals from multiple sensors, such as a knocking sensor, a combustion stability sensor and a pressure sensor, and calculates required corrections of the amount of fuel injected in the pilot and main injections accordingly. The corrections are generally very small from cycle to cycle and the magnitude of the incremental steps is controlled by and dependent on the accuracy of the PID regulator used. However, for reasons of clarity, FIG. 4 describes combustion control for steady state condition in order to illustrate the general principle of the invention. In actual use the control unit applies a dynamic regulation dependent on current engine operating conditions

When the engine is switched from SI-mode to HCCI-mode, the control loop is initiated by the injection control unit. After transmitting a command to start S1 the control loop, the control unit reads the output signals transmitted from a number of sensors S2. In this embodiment the sensors used are a knocking sensor, a combustion stability sensor and a pressure sensor. The control unit will then compare the knock signal with a predetermined limit value S3 to determine whether the signal is high or low. If the knock signal is high the control unit will compare the stability signal, also referred to as COV, with a further predetermined limit value S4. If the COV signal is also high, then the control unit will immediately increase the amount of fuel injected during the pilot injection S5, that is, for the next cycle. As described above, the amount of fuel injected during the main injection will be decreased accordingly. If, on the other hand, the COV signal is low, then the control unit will immediately decrease the amount of fuel injected during the pilot injection S6, that is, for the next cycle.

Should the control unit determine that the knock signal is lower than the predetermined limit value S3, the control unit will compare the COV signal to a predetermined limit value S7, identical to that of step S4. If the COV signal is low, then the control unit will immediately decrease the amount of fuel injected during the pilot injection S6, that is, for the next cycle.

However, if it is determined that the knock signal is low S3 and that the COV signal is high, a further comparison is made using a signal indicating cylinder pressure plotted over time. The control unit can then determine the location of peak pressure (LPP), that is, when the maximum pressure occurs during combustion. The control unit can then determine if the LPP has occurred early or late S8 with respect to an estimated or desired point in time. If the LPP has occurred early, then the control unit will immediately increase the amount of fuel injected during the pilot injection S9, that is, for the next cycle immediately the current cycle. If, on the other hand, the LPP has occurred late, then the control unit will increase the amount of fuel injected during the pilot injection S10 for the subsequent cycle, that is the cycle following the next cycle. This delay avoids an even earlier and perhaps knocking combustion for the next cycle, as described above, and counteracts possible oscillations caused by cycle-to-cycle variations.

For all the operating conditions described above, the control loop is carried out continuously for each combustion cycle until the control unit determines the HCCI operation is no longer possible S11. The control unit will then end the procedure S12 and switch to S1-mode.

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic λ map to be stored in a control unit. As seen from the figure, the air/fuel ratio is λ =1,5 at idling speed under a low load. If either the load or the engine speed is increased, while the other parameter is kept substantially constant, then the air/fuel ratio is increased to λ =2. When both engine speed and engine load are increased according to the linear function shown, then the air/fuel ratio is increased to λ =2,3.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram for a control strategy for managing the NO_(x) emissions by adjusting the absolute pressure in the air intake manifold. The adjustments are made based on a comparison between the measured, actual lambda value and a lambda value selected on the basis of a number of sensor readings. It is possible to adjust the intake manifold pressure from cycle to cycle. The control strategy involves an evaluation of the output signals from multiple sensors, primarily an engine speed sensor, an engine load sensor and pressure and temperature sensors in the intake manifold.

When the engine is switched to HCCI-mode the NO_(x) control loop S1 is initiated by a control unit. In a first step S2, the control unit reads the signals transmitted from a λ-sensor, an engine speed sensor, an engine load sensor, an intake manifold pressure sensor and an intake air temperature sensor. Further sensors may include temperature sensors for engine oil and coolant.

When receiving the signals for engine speed and engine load, the control unit will use these values to look up and select an associated value for lambda λ_(s) in a map S3 stored in the control unit. The control unit will then check the signal from the intake manifold temperature T_(M) sensor and correct the selected λ-value S4, if the measured temperature T_(M) deviates from a predetermined reference temperature T_(REF) for said stored map. In general, if the intake manifold temperature T_(M) increases the λ-value will need to be corrected upwards. Such a correction may also be required for increasing temperature for engine oil and coolant, which contributes to a general increase in temperature of the engine.

The control unit will then compare the selected λ_(s) with a measured λ-value λ_(A) for the air fuel ratio in the exhaust gas S5. If λ_(A) >λ_(s) then the control unit will transmit a signal to the intake air charging unit to decrease the absolute intake pressure S6. Similarly, if λ_(A) <λ_(s) then the control unit will transmit a signal to said air charging unit to increase the absolute intake pressure S7.

Before repeating the control loop, the control unit checks that the HCCI-mode is still in operation S8. If this is not the case, then the NO_(x) control ends S9.

In the above example the λ-value is measured using a λ-sensor, such as an oxygen sensor. However, it is also possible to use sensors that generate a signal indicative of the λ-value, such as a NO_(x)-sensor of an ion current sensor. Hence, for the step S5 above, either of a NO_(x) signal or ion current signal may be compared to a respective reference signal. If either signal is lower than its reference signal, the control unit will transmit a signal to the intake air charging unit to decrease the absolute intake pressure S6, and vice versa. According to a further embodiment, the value of λ may be calculated by the ECU, using the mass air flow (MAF) and the amount of injected fuel.

High λ-values combined with low fuel consumption and low NO_(x) emissions can not be achieved with atmospheric pressure in the intake manifold during HCCI operation at high loads and/or speeds. In a preferred embodiment the engine is provided with an intake air charging unit, arranged to adjust the intake manifold pressure.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show different air charging arrangements for an engine E as described in connection with FIG. 1. According to FIG. 7A, the intake air charging unit may be a turbocharger 20 having a compressor 21 for intake air 22 and a turbine 23 driven by exhaust gases 24 from the engine E, which turbine is provided with a wastegate for controlling the intake manifold pressure. According to one embodiment, this wastegate 25 may be connected to bypass the turbine 23. However, according to an alternative embodiment a wastegate 26 may be connected to bypass the compressor 21, as indicated by dotted lines in the figure. A controllable valve 27 may also be connected to the intake conduit between the compressor 21 and the engine E, to exhaust compressed air to the atmosphere.

FIG. 7B shows an alternatively intake air charging unit in the form of a supercharger 28 for intake air 29. As in the case of the turbocharger in FIG. 7A, the supercharger is provided with a throttle or wastegate for controlling the intake manifold pressure. A wastegate 30 may be connected to bypass the supercharger 28, as indicated by dotted lines in the figure. A controllable valve 31 may also be connected to the intake conduit between the supercharger 28 and the engine E, to exhaust compressed air to the atmosphere.

According to a preferred embodiment, the intake air charging unit is arranged to increase the intake manifold pressure if the actual λ-value is less than the selected λ-value. Similarly, the intake air charging unit is arranged to decrease the intake manifold pressure if the measured λ-value is greater than or equal to the selected λ-value.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and may be varied freely within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A computer readable storage device having stored therein data representing instructions executable by a computer to implement a compression ignition for an internal combustion engine, the engine having a piston disposed in a cylinder to define a combustion chamber, intake valves for admitting fresh air into the cylinder, a fuel injector for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber, exhaust valves for discharging exhaust gas resulting from combustion within the cylinder, wherein opening and closing timings of the intake means and opening and closing timings of the exhaust means are adjustable, and sensors for measuring an actual λ-value for the exhaust gas and at least one further engine operating parameter, the computer readable storage device comprising: instructions for adjusting opening and closing timings of the intake means and opening and closing timings of the exhaust means such that the piston reciprocates within the cylinder to perform an exhaust phase, an exhaust gas retaining phase, an intake phase, a compression phase, and an expansion phase; instructions for providing a first start time of a first fuel injection by the fuel injector during said exhaust gas retaining phase and a second start time of a second fuel injection by the fuel injector during said exhaust gas retaining phase; instruction for selecting a λ-value from a map stored in the control unit, which value is a function of engine load and engine speed; instruction for determining a difference the actual λ-value what the selected λ-value; and instruction for adjusting the intake manifold pressure as a function of the difference between the said λ-values in order to obtain the selected λ-value.
 2. The computer readable storage device according to claim 1 wherein the computer readable storage device further comprises instructions for determining intake manifold pressure control signals indicative of the adjustment required by an intake air charging unit, as determined by the control unit on the basis of comparison between the actual λ-value with the selected λ-value.
 3. The computer readable storage device according to claim 1 wherein the computer readable storage device further comprises instructions for determining intake manifold temperature by means of a temperature sensor and for adjusting the λ-values in said stored map with respect to the measured temperature. 